One of the major STRESSES which develop in concrete pavements is the thermal STRESSES. Since concrete is less able to deform in response to temperature changes than bituminous materials, thermal STRESSES have to be taken into account as well as traffic STRESSES in analysing the behavior of concrete pavements. Temperature STRESSES in concrete slabs can be divided into three categories namely, end restraint compressive stress, foundation restraint compressive and tensile stress and partially or completely restrained warping STRESSES. Since the concrete has a high compressive strength, the first category does not take into account, but developing the two other kinds of thermal STRESSES in concrete pavements are inevitable and when added to traffic STRESSES here are called COMBINED STRESSES. The combination of these can cause cracking and failure in pavements. The conclusion of this investigation showed that the day time COMBINED STRESSES have an adverse relation to the length of slabs while the night- time COMBINED STRESSES are directly proportional to the slab's length. From comparing the various results it was concluded that the results from Westergaard equations normally overestimate the curling STRESSES for both day and night times by 17% and 30% respectively.

Water salinity and drought are the major abiotic STRESSES limiting turf grass growth. On the other hand, shortage of water resources and salinity of water and soil in the arid and semi-arid zones such as Iran, are the restricting factors in developing lawn turf grasses. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the COMBINED effects of water salinity and deficit irrigation on tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). This study was conducted under outdoor conditions in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangements. Treatments included four water salinity levels (0.5, 3, 6 and 9 dS.m-1) and three deficit irrigation regimes (50%, 75% and 100% FC) with five replicates under outdoor conditions. Results indicated a rise in the ion leakage, and soluble sugar and proline concentration and a decrease in visual quality, shoot length, leaf area and fresh and dry weights of shoot, leaf relative water content (RWC), leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate and starch content with an increase in the levels of both STRESSES. Antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), and catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) showed higher activity under moderate drought or water salinity conditions; however, this parameter decreased at higher levels of these salinity STRESSES. Practically, based on the results of the present study, tall fescue could be grown under moderate levels of the COMBINED STRESSES of water shortage and salinity without considerable damage to the plant at the physiological and/or biochemical level. This is the first report on applying the COMBINED STRESSES of water and salinity on an important agricultural crop.

Drought and salinity are the most important limiting factors of plant growth and development in many regions of the world. Using plants that have satisfactory production under such conditions would be an appropriate strategy. To evaluate the COMBINED effects of salinity and drought STRESSES on kallar grass(Leptochloa fusca L. kunth), a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with 4 replications was conducted under controlled conditions at Research Greenhouse of Collage of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2009. The treatments were drought stress (100, 50 and 25 percent of field capacity) and salinity stress (0, 5, 10 and 20 dSm-1). Results showed that physiological traits as photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, chlorophyll fluorescence yield, and SPAD were reduced significantly by increasing drought and salinity levels, so that the lowest values of these traits were observed under severe drought (25% FC) and salinity (20 dSm-1) STRESSES. Moderate drought stress (50% FC) significantly increased chlorophyll fluorescence yield, whereas low to moderate salinity STRESSES (EC=5-10 dSm-1) significantly increased chlorophyll fluorescence yield and SPAD value compared to the control. Root to shoot ratio of kallar grass was significantly increased at the highest level of drought stress (25% FC), while this occurred with the moderate to high salinity stress (EC=10-20 dSm-1). Moreover, kallar grass biomass was decreased about 69 and 42 % under severe drought and salinity STRESSES compared with the control, respectively. Combination of drought and salinity STRESSES showed a better response of this halophyte species to salinity stress than to drought stress, as the full irrigation (100% FC) with salinity of 20 dSm-1 did not cause a statistical difference in shoot dry weight of kallar grass compared with the moderate drought stress (50% FC) up to the salinity level of 5 dSm-1. Overall, kallar grass showed more tolerance to high levels of salinity with full irrigation than moderate irrigation, suggesting that planting of this species in lands with adequate saline and brackish water is appropriate.

Introduction The rise in water demand and reduction of water quality and soil in irrigating areas, especially in dry and semi-arid areas of the world, have turned into one of the most crucial challenges for water and soil engineering in recent years. This issue leads us toward optimal quantitative and qualitative management of these valuable resources aimed at achieving economic performance and water productivity. The periodic evaporation and transpiration of the plant in the conditions of simultaneous water and salinity stress are known as one of the most important factors in the qualitative and quantitative growth of the plant yield. Applying mathematical models that simulate the relationship between field variables and yield can be seen as a useful tool in water and soil management issues in such a situation, which has the potential to ensure optimal use of the water and soil resources of any country by providing the plant's water needs and preventing its further loss. Materials and Methods A factorial experiment was performed in 2019 based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications in plots with an area of 9 square meters at the agricultural and animal husbandry farm of Aliabad Fashafuyeh, located in Qom province to examine the simultaneous effect of different levels of water stress and salinity on the periodic evaporation-transpiration and fresh yield of the single cross 704 forage corn cultivar. The applied treatments included the irrigation water salinity at three electrical conductivity levels of 1. 8 (S0), 5. 2 (S1), and 8. 6 (S2) deci Siemens/meter (dS/m), which were prepared by mixing saline well water of the region with fresh (drinking) water and three water stress levels of 100% (W0), 75% (W1), and 50% (W2) of the plant's water requirement. The depth of soil moisture in the corn plant root zone was measured by the TDR device at five depths of 7. 5, 12, 20, 40, and 60 cm during different growth stages of the plant using pairs of 7. 5, 12, and 20 cm stainless steel electrodes. Results and Discussion The simultaneous water and salinity STRESSES, which led to the reduced amount of periodic evaporation-transpiration of the yield compared to ideal conditions (without stress), were simulated by additive and multiplicative models. The results suggested a decrease in the evaporation and transpiration with the increased simultaneous water and salinity STRESSES so that the amount of total evaporation-transpiration in different treatments was measured to be between 692. 7 and 344. 9 mm and the fresh yield was estimated between 50. 4 and 3. 2 tons per hectare. Also, the highest amount of periodic evaporation and transpiration in all treatments was found to occur in the development and intermediate stages, and the relative fresh yield in the W0S0 to W2S2 treatments was calculated between 66% and 100%. The results of modeling the relative yield of the crop based on the amounts of relative evaporation and transpiration of corn in different growth stages and under the different treatments of water stress and salinity, indicated that Singh's additive model and Rao's multiplicative model were appropriate, while the Minhas model was recognized to be inappropriate in this estimation. Conclusion The research results suggested the significant impact of water stress and salinity at least at the 95% level on evaporation and transpiration and the corn yield. Moreover, the effect of the sensitivity of different growth stages of the plant on the reduction of evaporation and transpiration of corn varies so that in the three treatment groups W0, W1, and W2, the highest average decrease in slope was related to the final stage (13. 6%) followed by the middle stage with an average decrease of 8. 4% compared to the control treatment. Therefore, the highest decrease rate in evaporation-transpiration slope has been observed in these two growth stages due to the beginning of flowering, fruit formation, and physiological ripening of seeds. These results come from the lack of sufficient water storage and increased salinity of irrigation water in the soil. Water STRESSES and salinity will reduce water absorption and evaporation-transpiration, and ultimately, reduce crop production due to the decreased amount and potential of water in the soil. Another finding to be mentioned is the priority of water stress compared to salinity stress in reducing evaporation and transpiration and production yield. Also, by managing water and salinity STRESSES in the critical stages of plant growth (especially the middle stage), which is the time of flowering and the beginning and completion of the maize production process, a significant reduction in the crop can be somewhat prevented.

Heart disease-cardiovascular, cancer and obesity are the main causes of death and there are direct relationship between the consumption of high-fat foods and the incidence of these diseases. Therefore the demand for low-fat food products and probiotics has been dramatically increased. In this study, the effect of different levels of three hydrocolloids (inulin, chitosan and xanthan) at three levels (1, 2 and 3%) on survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus, physicochemical and sensory properties of yogurt during 15 days of storage was explored using a COMBINED design. Increased levels of inulin and chitosan positively affected La-5 count, apparent viscosity, acidity and sensory scores during storage. Using graphical method of optimizing (overlaid contour plots), optimum ratios were: inulin 93.4%, xanthan 0.6% and chitosan 6%.

The research was carried out to evaluate the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L. ) to salinity, drought and COMBINED salinity-drought STRESSES at its vegetative stage and share of their effects on reduction of yield, yield components and photosynthesis of plant. For this purpose, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was carried out at Agricultural Education Center of Kabotarabad-Isfahan in 2016-2017. In this study, response of spring safflower (Sofeh variety) to four salinity stress levels (2. 5, 5, 10 and 15 dS/m) and four drought stress levels (100%, 80%, 60% and 40% F. C. ) at vegetative growth stage were evaluated. The results showed that mean values of most traits were significantly reduced with increasing salinity and drought stress levels, in such a way that severe drought (Irrigation based on 40% field capacity) and salinity (15 dS/m) treatments produced lowest values for all traits. Seed oil content decreased with increasing salinity but this decrease (7. 4%) was significant only at highest salinity level (15 dS/m). The highest level of COMBINED salinity-drought stress decreased seed yield (87. 13% decrease) more than the highest level of each of drought (71. 40% decrease) and salinity (55. 56% decrease) STRESSES as compared to control treatment (without drought and salinity stress), and the share of drought stress in reduction of seed yield was higher than the salinity stress (71. 40% and 55. 56%, respectively). Thus, growing safflower with minimum loss of seed yield, by irrigation with 80% F. C. and water salinity with 5 dS/m at the vegetative growth stage is possible.

Title: Proteomics Studies in Abiotic STRESSESIntroduction: The increase in the world's population, along with climate change, which reduces the efficiency of agricultural products, is a major challenge for food security. Abiotic STRESSES such as drought, salinity, heat and cold cause many changes in the physiological, biochemical and molecular processes of plants. By knowing the role of proteins expressed in response to stress, the mechanisms and processes of stress tolerance can be accurately and comprehensively analyzed and evaluated. Also, by discovering new stress-resistant proteins, it is possible to improve stress resistance in transgenic plants with genetic engineering and genome editing methods and increase yield performance. The study of proteomics as a powerful tool for the separation and detection of stress-responsive proteins will help us in this way.Materials & Methods: This article is a review paper that was obtained by searching related articles on reliable sites (Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, SID). Research findings: Proteomics studies have led to the identification of several biological and physiological pathways responsible for tolerance to abiotic STRESSES in different plant species. In this regard, the identification of genes encoding the proteins involved in these processes as well as the transfer and overexpression of these candidate genes in plants is an effective strategy to improve stress resistance in economic agricultural products. In addition, the differential expression of genes in response to different STRESSES showed that some proteins have the same morphological and physiological manifestations in response to multiple STRESSES applied to them.

To investigate the response of corn to COMBINED application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. COMBINED application of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.